Approaches used for generation or acquisition of knowledge
Question 1
A number of approaches have been used for generation or acquisition of knowledge. Clinical guidelines often involve a sequence of steps with decision or branch points that deal with states of the patient over the time course. When we consider a particular point in the care process, which of the following methods has typically been used for developing the guideline step? Note that more than one method may be involved, so we are looking for the principal method.
Group of answer choices:
Human-Intensive Techniques
Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques
Precision Medicine
Big Data and Population Analytics
Local Business Processes
Question 2
A number of approaches have been used for generation or acquisition of knowledge. Order sets are an example of knowledge resources that can be obtained from an external knowledge provider, although they are often customized to fit with local business processes. Which of the following methods is typically used for creating an order set initially? Note that more than one method may be involved, so we are looking for the principal method.
Group of answer choices:
Human-Intensive Techniques
Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques
Evidence-based Medicine and Meta-Analysis
Precision Medicine
Big Data and Population Analytics
Local Business Processes
Question 3
We are interested in data analytics to generate predictive models. Many methods have been used. Which of the following is not a data analytic method:
Classification and regression trees
Support vector machines
Heuristic reasoning
Artificial neural networks
Logistic regression
Question 4
We have previously discussed methods for representing clinical guidelines in computable form. We also discussed standards underlying CDS or for representing particular CDS models and methods. Guidelines have been among the least amenable to standardization. Assuming a guideline is able to be fully represented in computable form, what is the principal reason for the difficulty in agreeing on a standard?
Guidelines can range from short time spans to many years and cover both diagnosis, workup strategy, and management phases.
Guidelines are typically not actionable directly, but only at particular points that match a clinical workflow.
Different models for representation exist, reflecting multiple different purposes for guidelines, as a result of which consensus on a standard representation has been difficult to achieve.
Question 5
In developing the Health e-Decisions model, and the subsequent Clinical Quality Framework model which superseded it (and which has led to CQL), this was motivated by the desire to more easily disseminate best-practice clinical knowledge in computable form (ECA rules, order sets, documentation templates, and more recently, clinical quality measurement rules). This questions asks about aspects of the model and its uses. A strong formal ontology framework is part of the model. Why is this important? Although some answers may be partially correct, please choose the single best answer.
Group of answer choices:
It provides consistency with other non-health-related fields for which the ontologies have been developed.
It potentially enables CDS artifacts or quality measures built with it to be translated into various host languages or representations, including human-readable narrative form, to enhance sharability
It enables local settings and factors to be incorporated for use in site-specific adaptations.
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